Internet link: http://www.gomolo.com/564/new-feature-black-humour-in-kollywood
Avid film enthusiast Venkataraghavan Srinivasan tells us how black comedy has evolved in Indian films, especially Kollywood.
Films that showcased black humour
The
term black humour (from the French humour noir) was coined by the
surrealist theoretician André Breton in 1935 to designate a sub-genre of
comedy and satire in which laughter arises from cynicism and scepticism
often relying on topics such as death, violence, racism and insanity.
Breton
coined the term for his book Anthology of Black Humour (Anthologie de
l'humour noir), in which he credited Jonathan Swift (Author of
Gulliver's Travel) as the originator of black humour and gallows humour,
and included excerpts from 45 other writers. Breton included both
examples in which the wit arises from a victim, with which the audience
empathizes, as is more typical in the tradition of gallows humour, and
examples in which the comedy is used to mock the victim, whose suffering
is trivialized, and leads to sympathizing with the victimizer, as is
the case with Sade (The term Sadism).
The terms black comedy or
dark comedy have been later derived as alternatives to Breton's term. In
black humour, topics and events that are usually regarded as taboo,
specifically those related to death, violence, insanity and brush with
law are treated in an unusually humorous or satirical manner while
retaining their seriousness; the intent of black comedy, therefore, is
often for the audience to experience both laughter and discomfort,
sometimes simultaneously.
In 1940, when Charlie Chaplin made The
Great Dictator, a landmark black comedy that satirises Hitler and
Nazism, little did he know that he would be applauded by the man himself
for the near accurate take. Then what explains the general aversion to
this genre by a section of 'Auteurs' especially in the Tamil film
industry?
Comedy in every form can work in Kollywood, but movie
makers like to underestimate the intelligence of our audience. Black
comedy is a little tricky because you are taking on an establishment.
While black comedy may not be for everybody, dark humour, in the 100th
year of Indian Cinema, is making inroads into Tamil Cinema. The
sensibilities are changing, the established are getting disrupted
essentially the ghetto has been broken and this is a positive trend.
{Box office note: The first Tamil film to be successful in both Tamil and Hindi versions was
Chandralekha.
Made on a budget of Rs. 3,000,000, it was released in 1948. The
director, S. S. Vasan, and producer, A. K. Sekar, designed a huge
production campaign so successful that Chandralekha grossed Rs.
10,000,000. As per present day money adjusted to inflation, the above
numbers are Rupees 250 and 850 crores – an amount that belittles
Bollywood's 200 crores club.}
One of the most unique features of
Tamil cinema is the way the medium has been used and intelligently
exploited to make political commentary and win political elections.
Screenwriter C. N. Annadurai and actors M. G. Ramachandran and Sivaji
Ganesan utilized their films to move into political office in the 1940s
and 1950s. Films with political themes continue to be made into the
present day with some recent examples such as S. Shankar's
Kadhalan and Muthalvan and Mani Ratnam's trilogy
Roja, Bombay and
Dil Se.
We
now see that the dark comedies competing with each other and with the
masala movies in the screens of Tamil Nadu are essentially a result of
political dysfunctionality present in our society; the new age iPhone
Tamil filmmakers and their tweeting audiences are not alone waging these
countercultural battles on the silver screen in Tamil Nadu. In India,
you can see this as a clear trend in Bollywood as well, be it Anurag
Kashyap or the Vicky Donor, essentially these are the "Cinema of the
Outsiders". These films extol anarchy, and the new anarchic Tamil cinema
has gone far too global for the rest to even fathom.
Anarchy is often a symbol of healthy organic progress!
Due
to several factors of moral, economic and political engagement, modern
Indian filmmakers can only hate today's system deeply but can't do much
about it since after all they are a part of the "system" or even if they
were not are sucked into it, much like the climax scene of Shankar's
movie Mudhalvan in which he laments "Kadisila yennayum ivangala madhiri
aakitangaley"(In the end they have made me a politician like them) but
in these new Tamil films we discover redemption coming through not in
the acceptance of the five songs, one overseas, three fights, two dance
and one final chase - 'formulaic' authority but in the comic enactment
of an emotion repugnance.
The Tamil audience, primed through
their movies by their mainstream directors into seeing the village
headman (Nattamai theerpa mathu!) marrying the baddie, minor Kunjumani
to the girl who he raped (invariably the sister of the movie's
protagonist) are going to be confused when they see posters reading
'Death to rapists'!
Strangely, this variety of emotion can only
happen in the weird and almost unclassifiable realm of Tamil Black
Comedy. In "Kollywood", these films are a commemoration of the shame
that the liberalism ushered into the Gen X, Y, Z whatever... of the 21st
century, expressing what they feel about their apathetic grandparents
generation who had romanticized themselves in the fantasy of Tamil
nationalism.
The 24x7 cable viewing disconnected new Tamilian,
who accidentally stumbles onto the History Channel while surfing
channels during his serial ad breaks wonders what must have gone wrong
with their elders who gave them 'authentic' Tamizh names (Tamizh Kudi
Magan!) and even tyrannical Russian names like Stalin and Trotsky. They
wonder when they bump into the plethora of 24x7 news channels what must
have motivated their grandparents' towards Language Chauvinism and be
prepared to give their life screaming 'Down with Hindi' while their
elected politicians continued to go about spreading caste hatred,
amassing wealth, disapprovingly castigate yet share their bed with their
'Hindi' speaking Delhi allies.
For all practical purposes, Tamil
politics and its socio-political negotiations are completely driven by
Electoral politics and for the moment the new Tamil movie wave has swept
into an amicable zone of black comedy. These films are, to use the
term, 'Super-Duper Hits', raking in several times more money than
regular run-of-the-mill entertainers, scarring established players and
making the audience happy.
Difficult as it may be for some to
experience laughter and discomfort simultaneously, filmmakers need not
look too far for inspiration, for it is right here, among us!
